Abstract: Aquatic biological resources not only maintain the earth's ecological balance but also serve as an important food source for humans, making an irreplaceable contribution to global food and nutrition security. However, these resources and their aquatic ecosystems have been facing numerous challenges, such as overfishing, habitat loss, water pollution, and climate change, leading to a rapid decline in aquatic biological resources. This issue constrains the safe supply of aquatic products and threatens the ecological balance of water bodies. Stock enhancement of aquatic biological resources is one of the effective technical methods and approaches to prevent the resource decline, maintain ecological balance, and ensure the sustainable supply of aquatic products. In this paper, we argue that conducting stock enhancement of aquatic biological resources is the historical inevitability of social development and the reality needs for a sustainable future. We also review the history and prospective trends of the stock enhancement both in China and globally, summarize the current situation and achievements of the stock enhancement of aquatic biological resources in China, and discuss the existing problems and feasible countermeasures. Conclusively, we suggest that to conduct the stock enhancement of aquatic biological resources in a scientific and high-quality manner, it is required to thoroughly consider and accurately answer six key questions: which species to stock, how many to stock, at what age to stock, where to stock, when to stock, and by what method to stock.