Abstract: The world is currently experiencing the sixth mass extinction caused by human activities, and the diversity of fish species is also facing a severe threat. The Chinese sturgeon, a large anadromous fish unique to China, is critically endangered and at risk of extinction in the wild. The essence of biodiversity conservation lies in the protection of genetic resources. How to protect the existing genetic resources of the Chinese sturgeon has become a significant challenge. This article systematically outlines the history and current status of Chinese sturgeon genetic resource conservation, and discusses systematic conservation strategies and action plans around in situ protection, live breeding, and ex situ genetic resource preservation. It also explores the urgent need for action and suggests future directions for conservation protection.